With these other battery technology advancements, scientists are looking to come up with results for more efficient, lighter, and safer batteries that can hold more charge and last longer. Today's lithium-ion batteries, which is the most common type used, can only hold up to a few hundred watt-hours per kilogram, and this makes it difficult to engineer devices that can last long enough without having to recharge. Current battery technologies which were breakthrough at the beginning are beginning to offer limited performance and require frequent charging. Battery technology is rapidly evolving, with new and exciting developments around the corner. In the past decade, advances in battery technology have already enabled electric vehicles to travel further, charge faster, and become more affordable for consumers. In: Bard AJ (ed) Electroanalytical chemistry, vol 4.As the electric vehicle technology continues to advance, batteries are becoming more crucial than ever. Sluyters-Rebach M, Sluyters JH (1970) Sine wave methods in the study of electrode processes. Zheng JP, Moganty SS, Goonetilleke PC, Baltus RE, Roy D (2011) J Phys Chem C 115:7527–7537 ![]() Rho Y, Dokko K, Kanamura K (2006) J Power Sources 157:471–476 Pyun SI, Choi YM, Jeng ID (1997) J Power Sources 68:593–599 Zhang SS, Xu K, Jow TR (2002) Electrochem Solid State Lett 5:A92–A94 Zhang D, Popov BN, White RE (2000) J Electrochem Soc 147:831–840 Rougier A, Striebel KA, Wen SJ, Cairns EJ (1998) J Electrochem Soc 145:2975–2980 Verbrugge MW, Koch BJ (1999) J Electrochem Soc 146:833–839 Liu W, Kowal K, Farrington GC (1998) J Electrochem Soc 145:459–465 Van der Ven A, Marianetti C, Morgan D, Ceder G (2000) Solid State Ionics 135:21–32 Zheng JP (2009) Clarkson University, PhD Thesis Kang SH, Goodenough JB, Rabenberg LK (2001) Electrochem Solid-State Lett 4:A49–A51 Soiron S, Rougier A, Aymard L, Tarascon J-M (2001) J Power Sources 97–98:402–405 Kang S-H, Goodenough JB, Rabenberg LK (2001) Chem Mater 13:1758–1764 Zheng JP, Crain DJ, Roy D (2011) Solid State Ionics 196:48–58 Sun X, Yang XQ, Balasubramanian M, McBreen J, Xia Y, Sakai T (2002) J Electrochem Soc 149:A842–A848 Thackeray MM, Johnson CS, Vaughey JT, Li N, Hackney SA (2005) J Mater Chem 15:2257–2267Ĭabana J, Valdés-Solís T, Palacín MR, Oró-Solé J, Fuertes A, Marbán G, Fuertes AB (2007) J Power Sources 166:492–498 ![]() Morcrette M, Gillot F, Monconduit L, Tarascon J-M (2003) Electrochem Solid-State Lett 6:A59–A62 Ning L, Wu Y, Fang S, Rahm E, Holze R (2004) J Power Sources 133:229–242 Goonetilleke PC, Zheng JP, Roy D (2009) J Electrochem Soc 156:A709–A719 The relative timescales of charge transfer and diffusion of Li + within the LMO lattice are determined, and the criteria for material utilization during rapid charge–discharge are examined. The underlying mechanisms of these effects are studied here using voltammetry, galvanostatic cycling, Ragone plot construction, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The LMO micro-particles promote cathode cyclability by stabilizing the coexisting nanoparticles against segregation and strong electrolyte reactions. The nanoparticles in the mixture support surface-localized insertion/extraction of Li and thus increase the cathode charge/discharge rates. The present work investigates the electrochemical characteristic of a cathode prepared from a controlled mixture of nano- and micrometric LMO particles processed in this approach. Lithium manganese oxide (LMO), mechano-chemically modified by ball-milling, is a potentially useful active material for high-power-density cathodes of lithium ion batteries.
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